DNSRegistration lookup
HOW THE INTERNET SEES A NETWORK

BGP looking glass.

Explore routing observations, origin networks and RPKI validation.

197.237.255.0

RIPE RIS
Retrieved · 2026-10-12T10:02:48+00:00Observed · 2026-10-12T10:02:02ZView JSON
Registration / WHOIS →
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Origin ASN
AS16907
Collectors shown
14
Paths shown
71

RPKI origin validation

197.237.254.0/23 · AS16907Invalid origin ASN
Covering ROAs
  • 197.237.0.0/16 · AS15399 · max length /23
  • 197.237.0.0/16 · AS15399 · max length /24
  • 197.237.0.0/16 · AS15399 · max length /16
  • 197.237.0.0/16 · AS15399 · max length /17
  • 197.237.0.0/16 · AS15399 · max length /18
  • 197.237.0.0/16 · AS15399 · max length /19
  • 197.237.0.0/16 · AS15399 · max length /20
  • 197.237.0.0/16 · AS15399 · max length /21
  • 197.237.0.0/16 · AS15399 · max length /22

Valid authorizes this prefix and origin ASN. It does not validate the AS path. No ROA means no covering authorization was found.

Collector / peerAS pathLast confirmed (UTC)Details
RRC01
5.57.81.216		35266 37662 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:33Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
5.57.81.216
Last changed
2026-10-03T01:30:16Z
Communities
35266:70 35266:100 37662:605 37662:703 37662:1215
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC01
5.57.81.231		917 60068 37662 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:45Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
5.57.81.231
Last changed
2026-10-03T01:30:11Z
Communities
917:56020 57695:13000 60068:203 60068:3000 60068:3194 60068:7040
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC01
195.66.224.81		1828 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:00:58Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
195.66.226.41
Last changed
2026-09-09T19:08:24Z
Communities
1828:20 1828:23301
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC01
195.66.224.175		13030 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:45Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
195.66.224.175
Last changed
2026-09-27T11:02:32Z
Communities
37100:10000 37100:11000 37100:11003 37100:11033 13030:51202
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC01
195.66.225.212		6424 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:44Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
195.66.226.41
Last changed
2026-09-27T13:47:37Z
Communities
47787:1010 47787:3120 47787:20000 47787:21130
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC01
195.66.225.216		25160 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:45Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
195.66.225.216
Last changed
2026-09-15T01:34:15Z
Communities
25160:8003 25160:34020 37100:10000 37100:11000 37100:11003 37100:11033
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC01
195.66.227.148		14630 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:45Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
195.66.226.41
Last changed
2026-10-06T12:30:20Z
Communities
14630:9 37100:5001 37100:10000 37100:11000 37100:11003 37100:11033
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC00
31.169.49.228		50304 37662 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:41Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
31.169.49.228
Last changed
2026-10-03T01:31:09Z
Communities
None supplied
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC00
45.14.68.69		206499 34549 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:44Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
45.14.68.69
Last changed
2026-09-15T18:01:26Z
Communities
34549:200 34549:10000
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC00
80.77.16.114		34549 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:45Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
80.77.16.114
Last changed
2026-09-03T12:08:41Z
Communities
34549:200 34549:10000
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC00
94.247.111.254		49673 3216 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:00:42Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
94.247.111.254
Last changed
2026-09-24T04:14:33Z
Communities
None supplied
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC00
176.12.110.8		50300 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:29Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
176.12.110.8
Last changed
2026-09-21T11:12:31Z
Communities
None supplied
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC00
193.150.22.240		57381 42708 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:27Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
193.150.22.240
Last changed
2026-10-08T17:06:37Z
Communities
37100:10000 37100:11000 37100:11003 37100:11033 42708:300
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC00
194.50.92.251		58057 34549 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:45Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
194.50.92.251
Last changed
2026-10-04T10:05:03Z
Communities
0:34927 0:56382 0:58299 34549:200 34549:10000
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC00
202.150.221.37		38001 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:31Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
202.150.221.37
Last changed
2026-10-04T13:03:51Z
Communities
None supplied
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC03
2001:7f8:13::a521:2483:1		212483 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:40Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
193.239.116.134
Last changed
2026-09-14T15:45:27Z
Communities
64700:8714
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC03
80.249.208.162		49544 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:45Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
80.249.210.223
Last changed
2026-09-15T01:31:56Z
Communities
37100:10000 37100:11000 37100:11003 37100:11033 49544:24000 49544:24031
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC03
80.249.208.210		13030 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:45Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
80.249.208.210
Last changed
2026-09-27T11:02:05Z
Communities
37100:10000 37100:11000 37100:11003 37100:11033 13030:51202
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC03
80.249.208.255		37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:43Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
80.249.210.223
Last changed
2026-09-15T01:34:14Z
Communities
0:15399 0:19711 0:20940 0:36874 0:37119 0:37363 0:37497 0:37564 0:37640 0:37680 6777:65021 6777:65022 37100:10000 37100:11000 37100:11003 37100:11033
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC03
80.249.210.78		8529 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:44Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
80.249.210.78
Last changed
2026-10-09T07:26:44Z
Communities
None supplied
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC03
80.249.210.85		25160 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:44Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
80.249.210.85
Last changed
2026-09-15T01:34:14Z
Communities
25160:34020 37100:10000 37100:11000 37100:11003 37100:11033
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC03
193.239.116.134		212483 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:40Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
193.239.116.134
Last changed
2026-09-14T15:46:19Z
Communities
64700:8714
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC21
37.49.236.32		34177 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:43Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
37.49.236.32
Last changed
2026-09-09T10:17:55Z
Communities
None supplied
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC21
37.49.236.36		16347 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:36Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
37.49.236.36
Last changed
2026-10-10T16:42:49Z
Communities
None supplied
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC21
37.49.237.83		25091 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:14Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
37.49.237.83
Last changed
2026-09-03T12:09:08Z
Communities
25091:22424
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC25
46.8.37.63		198150 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:43Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
46.8.37.63
Last changed
2026-10-09T16:48:36Z
Communities
64700:8714
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC25
80.241.0.70		21282 9198 3216 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:20Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
80.241.0.70
Last changed
2026-09-22T23:12:28Z
Communities
None supplied
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC25
94.207.42.2		57187 15802 8966 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T02:00:14Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
94.207.42.2
Last changed
2026-10-11T21:52:12Z
Communities
57187:1000 57187:1001 57187:4001 57187:57187
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC25
102.220.16.1		328840 60171 15399 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:37Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
102.220.16.1
Last changed
2026-10-09T00:24:28Z
Communities
60171:2100 60171:2120 60171:2123 64525:51
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC25
103.87.125.0		45489 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:33Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
103.87.125.0
Last changed
2026-10-01T07:55:52Z
Communities
None supplied
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC25
103.167.66.1		142271 9304 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:44Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
103.167.66.1
Last changed
2026-10-08T16:55:15Z
Communities
9304:144 9304:401 9304:5100 9304:14402 65144:37100
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
2:733938164
RRC25
151.248.97.17		8529 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:42Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
151.248.97.17
Last changed
2026-10-09T07:26:50Z
Communities
None supplied
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC25
154.18.4.110		134823 917 60068 37662 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:44Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
154.18.4.110
Last changed
2026-10-09T12:58:09Z
Communities
917:13200 917:57032 57695:13000 60068:203 60068:300 60068:777 60068:3000 60068:3194 60068:7290
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC25
178.248.51.149		51185 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:44Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
178.248.51.149
Last changed
2026-09-15T01:34:15Z
Communities
None supplied
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC25
185.115.244.25		28824 50304 37662 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:43Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
185.115.244.25
Last changed
2026-10-03T01:30:08Z
Communities
28824:1400 37662:605 37662:703 37662:1215 50304:1100 50304:1144
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC25
194.28.99.120		34872 24961 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:43Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
194.28.99.120
Last changed
2026-09-09T06:28:01Z
Communities
24961:2 24961:8003 24961:9002
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC25
195.69.189.4		28910 3216 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:24Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
195.69.189.4
Last changed
2026-10-09T12:12:51Z
Communities
None supplied
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC12
80.81.192.162		24961 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:45Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
80.81.192.162
Last changed
2026-10-02T13:56:37Z
Communities
24961:2 24961:8003 24961:9002 37100:10000 37100:11000 37100:11003 37100:11033
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC12
80.81.194.45		205112 13030 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:44Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
80.81.194.45
Last changed
2026-10-06T02:22:07Z
Communities
65112:180
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC12
80.81.194.59		29140 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:45Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
80.81.194.59
Last changed
2026-10-02T13:55:06Z
Communities
29140:3900 37100:10000 37100:11000 37100:11003 37100:11033
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC12
80.81.194.119		34288 37662 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:45Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
80.81.194.119
Last changed
2026-10-10T14:16:51Z
Communities
37662:605 37662:703 37662:1215 65500:50000 65500:59000 65500:59120
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC12
80.81.194.140		25220 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:44Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
80.81.194.140
Last changed
2026-10-02T13:57:03Z
Communities
25220:1910 25220:4001 25220:4101 25220:4849 25220:4902 37100:10000 37100:11000 37100:11003 37100:11033
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC12
80.81.195.178		206356 205112 13030 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:41Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
80.81.195.178
Last changed
2026-10-06T02:22:07Z
Communities
65112:180
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC12
80.81.195.219		58057 34549 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:44Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
80.81.195.219
Last changed
2026-10-02T13:49:49Z
Communities
34549:200 34549:10000
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC12
80.81.196.197		58299 34549 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:45Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
80.81.196.197
Last changed
2026-10-02T13:52:26Z
Communities
34549:200 34549:1000 34549:10000
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC20
91.206.52.9		29691 13030 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:44Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
91.206.52.9
Last changed
2026-09-16T03:07:34Z
Communities
13030:1 13030:4005 13030:8221 13030:51202 29691:4000 29691:4031 37100:10000 37100:11000 37100:11003 37100:11033
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC20
91.206.52.32		21232 13030 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:22Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
91.206.52.32
Last changed
2026-09-30T10:50:33Z
Communities
None supplied
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC20
91.206.52.90		59414 13030 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:44Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
91.206.52.90
Last changed
2026-09-03T12:08:41Z
Communities
13030:1 13030:4005 13030:8221 13030:51202 37100:10000 37100:11000 37100:11003 37100:11033 59414:4000 59414:4020
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC20
91.206.52.117		25091 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T09:56:47Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
91.206.52.117
Last changed
2026-10-11T22:12:45Z
Communities
25091:22424
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC20
91.206.52.141		59891 13030 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:44Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
91.206.52.141
Last changed
2026-09-25T11:08:55Z
Communities
13030:1 13030:51202 37100:10000 37100:11033 13030:8221 13030:4005 59891:1000 59891:1003 37100:11000 37100:11003
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC20
91.206.52.197		51873 24889 13030 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:44Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
91.206.52.197
Last changed
2026-10-11T17:52:23Z
Communities
51873:51873
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC20
91.206.53.6		209823 25091 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:20Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
91.206.53.6
Last changed
2026-09-27T12:44:28Z
Communities
25091:22424
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC20
91.206.53.12		8298 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:00:31Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
91.206.53.12
Last changed
2026-09-25T19:03:44Z
Communities
8298:1050 37100:10000 37100:11000 37100:11003 37100:11033
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC26
185.1.8.50		200612 8966 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:45Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
185.1.8.50
Last changed
2026-09-20T00:32:39Z
Communities
8966:97
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC26
185.1.8.59		49544 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:45Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
185.1.8.59
Last changed
2026-10-10T00:08:52Z
Communities
37100:10000 37100:11000 37100:11003 37100:11033 49544:24000 49544:24033
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC04
192.65.185.3		513 25091 25091 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:44Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
192.65.185.3
Last changed
2026-09-09T10:17:29Z
Communities
513:25091 25091:22424
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC04
192.65.185.157		12350 34177 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:23Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
192.65.185.157
Last changed
2026-09-16T20:46:03Z
Communities
None supplied
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC04
192.65.185.244		25091 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:26Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
192.65.185.244
Last changed
2026-09-24T17:13:25Z
Communities
25091:22424
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC05
193.203.0.91		13237 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:41Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
193.203.0.91
Last changed
2026-09-03T12:08:41Z
Communities
None supplied
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC05
193.203.0.99		13030 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:42Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
193.203.0.99
Last changed
2026-10-05T17:40:06Z
Communities
37100:10000 37100:11000 37100:11003 37100:11033 13030:51202
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC13
195.208.208.147		28917 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:45Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
195.208.208.147
Last changed
2026-09-15T01:34:14Z
Communities
28917:4000 28917:4100 28917:4120 28917:4121
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC13
195.208.209.66		35598 3216 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:45Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
195.208.209.66
Last changed
2026-10-02T13:10:02Z
Communities
3216:3000 3216:3103 35598:200 35598:201 37100:10000 37100:11000 37100:11003 37100:11033
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC19
196.60.8.22		327960 327782 37662 37027 169072026-10-12T10:01:59Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
196.60.8.22
Last changed
2026-09-20T00:26:31Z
Communities
37662:605 37662:703 37662:1215
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC19
196.60.8.139		32653 37662 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:44Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
196.60.8.139
Last changed
2026-09-09T17:58:42Z
Communities
37662:605 37662:703 37662:1215
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC19
196.60.8.188		37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:35Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
196.60.8.188
Last changed
2026-09-03T12:09:41Z
Communities
37100:10000 37100:11000 37100:11003 37100:11033
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC19
196.60.8.190		37239 37662 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:46Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
196.60.8.190
Last changed
2026-10-06T22:54:08Z
Communities
37195:404
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC19
196.60.8.232		37662 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:26Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
196.60.8.232
Last changed
2026-10-09T22:16:22Z
Communities
37662:605 37662:703 37662:1215
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC19
196.60.9.165		917 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:45Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
196.60.8.188
Last changed
2026-09-03T12:09:41Z
Communities
917:59001 37100:10000 37100:11000 37100:11003 37100:11033 57695:12000
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC11
198.32.160.103		13030 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:44Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
198.32.160.103
Last changed
2026-10-06T12:12:37Z
Communities
37100:10000 37100:11000 37100:11003 37100:11033 13030:51202
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC10
217.29.66.86		12637 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:45Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
217.29.66.86
Last changed
2026-09-15T01:34:13Z
Communities
12637:65010 12637:65017 12637:65099 37100:10000 37100:11000 37100:11003 37100:11033
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied
RRC10
217.29.66.233		8660 1267 37100 37027 169072026-10-12T10:02:44Z
Show
Prefix
197.237.254.0/23
Next hop
217.29.66.233
Last changed
2026-10-05T23:55:52Z
Communities
None supplied
Large communities
None supplied
Extended communities
None supplied

RIPEstat / RIS observations represent participating peers, not every router on the Internet. Collector processing and snapshots introduce a delay.